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Skattetrend: Beskatningsstrukturen varierer på tværs af EU

Strukturen for beskatning varierer temmelig væsentligt på tværs af medlemslandene i EU, ifølge resultaterne af en ny rapport.

 

Beskatning er enten direkte eller indirekte. En direkte skat lægges typisk på en personlig indkomst, virksomhedsfortjeneste, import og eksport samt fast ejendom. En indirekte skat (moms, importafgifter eller

punktafgifter) er en afgift, der opkræves på en materiel eller juridisk begivenhed af utilsigtet eller midlertidig karakter og på en (juridisk eller naturlig) person, der ofte kan være et mellemled og ikke den person, der er ansvarlig for denne begivenhed (deraf afgiftens indirekte karakter).

 

Ifølge Europa-Kommissionens seneste udgave af Taxation Trends in the European Union(beskatningstendenser i EU),  varierer strukturen for beskatning temmelig væsentligt på tværs af medlemslandene.

 

Danmark har for eksempel den højeste andel af direkte skatter af de samlede skatteindtægter (64,6 %) efterfulgt af Irland og Malta. Norge og Island har også relativt høje andele af direkte skatter.

 

2020-rapporten, som omfatter alle medlemslande, plus Island og Norge, bemærker også, at andelen af sociale bidrag til de samlede skatteindtægter er tilsvarende lav i disse lande. I Danmark er der en særlig grund til den ekstremt lave andel af sociale bidrag: De fleste velfærdsudgifter finansieres gennem generel beskatning. Da dette kræver høje direkte skatteniveauer, er den direkte beskatningsandel af de samlede skatteindtægter i Danmark den højeste blandt alle medlemslandene.

 

Situationen er anderledes i Slovakiet og Tjekkiet. Skattesystemerne i disse to lande har høje andele af sociale bidrag i de samlede skatteindtægter og relativt lave andele af direkte skatteindtægter. Desuden er velfærdssystemerne i disse to lande finansieret af sociale

bidrag.

 

På den anden side har nogle medlemslande en meget lavere andel af direkte skatter. Dette er tilfældet i medlemslande, der har indført faste systemer med marginale satser under EU-gennemsnittet, hvilket typisk medfører en stærkere reduktion af direkte skattesatser end indirekte skattesatser.

 

Som det er tilfældet i Kroatien, Bulgarien og Ungarn, modsvares lavere andele af direkte skatter af relativt højere andele af indirekte skatter. Imidlertid modsvares lavere andele af direkte skatter i Slovakiet, Tjekkiet og Litauen med relativt større andele af sociale bidrag.

 

Det er værd at bemærke, at næsten halvdelen (46,1 %) af skatteindtægterne (herunder sociale bidrag) i hele EU blev opkrævet af den centrale eller føderale regering.

 

Fortsæt diskussionen med TAXEDU

 

Er du på udkig efter en smart måde at introducere dine studerende for de forskellige typer af beskatning, så tjek TAXEDUs uddannelseskatalog. Deltag i forummet, hvor du kan udveksle nyheder, synspunkter og oplevelser med andre undervisere.

Language
Dansk

Daňové trendy: struktura zdanění se v členských státech EU liší

Podle nové zprávy se struktura zdanění v jednotlivých členských státech EU značně liší.

 

Daně jsou přímé nebo nepřímé. Přímá daň se obvykle odvádí z příjmu fyzických osob, firem, dovozu a vývozu a nemovitostí. Nepřímá daň (DPH, dovozní dávky nebo

spotřební daň) je daň vybíraná z hmotné či právní události náhodné nebo dočasné povahy a od (právnické nebo fyzické) osoby, která může být často prostředníkem, a nikoli osobou odpovědnou za tuto událost (proto nepřímý charakter daně).

 

Podle posledního vydání zprávy Evropské komise týkající se vývoje v oblasti daní v Evropské unii (Taxation Trends in the European Union), se struktura zdanění v jednotlivých členských státech značně liší.

 

Například Dánsko má nejvyšší podíl přímých daní na celkových daňových příjmech (64,6 %), následované Irskem a Maltou. Relativně vysoký podíl přímých daní mají také Norsko a Island.

 

Ve zprávě za rok 2020 zahrnující všechny členské státy plus Island a Norsko se rovněž uvádí, že podíl sociálních odvodů na celkových daňových příjmech je v těchto zemích odpovídajícím způsobem nízký. V Dánsku existuje pro extrémně nízký podíl sociálních odvodů zvláštní důvod: většina sociálních výdajů se financuje prostřednictvím všeobecného zdanění. Jelikož to vyžaduje vysokou míru přímého zdanění, je podíl přímých daní na celkových daňových příjmech v Dánsku nejvyšší ze všech členských států.

 

Na Slovensku a v Česku je situace odlišná. V daňových systémech těchto dvou států je vysoký podíl sociálních odvodů na celkových daňových příjmech a relativně nízký podíl přímých daňových příjmů. Sociální systémy těchto dvou zemí jsou také financovány ze sociálních

odvodů.

 

Na druhou stranu mají některé členské státy mnohem nižší podíl přímých daní. To je případ členských států, které přijaly systémy paušálních sazeb s mezními sazbami pod průměrem EU, což obvykle vede ke snižování sazeb přímých daní spíše než sazeb daní nepřímých.

 

Stejně jako v případě Bulharska, Chorvatska a Maďarska jsou nižší podíly přímých daní vyváženy relativně vyšším podílem nepřímých daní. Nižší podíl přímých daní na Slovensku, v České republice a Litvě je však vyvážen relativně větším podílem sociálních odvodů.

 

Je třeba poznamenat, že téměř polovinu (46,1 %) daňových příjmů (včetně sociálních odvodů) v celé EU vybírají centrální či federální vlády.

 

Další diskuse s portálem TAXEDU

 

Hledáte inteligentní způsob, jak seznámit studenty s různými typy zdanění, podívejte se na katalog školení TAXEDU. Staňte se členem fóra a sdílejte novinky, názory a zkušenosti s ostatními učiteli.

Language
Čeština

Тенденции при данъците: структурата на данъчното облагане е различна в отделните държави — членки на ЕС

Структурата на данъчното облагане се различава значително в отделните държави — членки на ЕС, съгласно констатациите в нов доклад.

 

Данъците са или преки, или косвени. Обикновено пряк данък се налага върху доходите на физическите лица, печалбите от стопанска дейност, вноса и износа, както и върху имуществото. Косвеният данък (ДДС, налози върху вноса или

акцизи) е данък, начисляван върху материално или юридическо събитие от случаен или временен характер и върху (юридическо или физическо) лице, което често може да бъде посредник, а не лицето, отговорно за това събитие (оттук и косвения характер на данъка).

 

Съгласно последното издание на Европейската комисия „Тенденции в областта на данъчното облагане в Европейския съюз“,  структурата на данъчното облагане се различава значително в отделните държави членки.

 

В Дания например преките данъци имат най-голям дял в общите данъчни приходи (64,6 %), следвана от Ирландия и Малта. В Норвегия и Исландия преките данъци също имат относително голям дял.

 

В доклада за 2020 г., който обхваща всички държави членки плюс Исландия и Норвегия, се отбелязва също така, че социалноосигурителните вноски в тези държави имат респективно малък дял в общите данъчни приходи. В Дания има конкретна причина за изключително малкия дял на социалноосигурителните вноски: повечето социални разходи се финансират от общото данъчно облагане. Тъй като това изисква високи равнища на преки данъци, делът на прякото данъчно облагане в общите данъчни приходи в Дания е най-големият сред всички държави членки.

 

Положението е различно в Словакия и Чехия. В данъчните системи на тези две държави социалноосигурителните вноски имат голям дял в общите данъчни приходи, а приходите от преки данъци имат относително малък дял. Освен това системите за социално осигуряване в тези две държави се финансират от

социалноосигурителните вноски.

 

От друга страна някои държави членки имат много по-малък дял на преките данъци. Такъв е случаят на държавите членки, които са приели системи за данъчно облагане с пропорционална ставка с пределни данъчни ставки под средните за ЕС, което обикновено води до по-голямо намаление на преките данъчни ставки спрямо косвените данъчни ставки.

 

Както се вижда от примера на Хърватия, България и Унгария, по-малкият дял на преките данъци се компенсира от относително по-големия дял на косвените данъци. По-малкият дял на преките данъци в Словакия, Чехия и Литва обаче се компенсира от относително по-големия дял на социалноосигурителните вноски.

 

Заслужава да се отбележи, че близо половината (46,1 %) от данъчните приходи (включително социалноосигурителните вноски) в целия ЕС са били предявени от централното или федералното правителство.

 

Продължете обсъждането с помощта на портала TAXEDU

 

Търсите интелигентен начин да запознаете учениците си с различните видове данъчно облагане, разгледайте каталога за обучение на портала TAXEDU. Присъединете се към форума, за да обменяте новини, мнения и опит с други учители.

Language
Български

New VAT e-commerce rules are here

Editorial team

 

The European Union has introduced sweeping value added tax (VAT) reforms for e-commerce. Find out how these new rules affect you and everyone in the e-commerce supply chain.


Since 1 July, everyone benefits from the new VAT e-commerce rules. From consumers to online retailers, marketplaces and platforms both inside and outside the EU, as well as postal operators, couriers, customs and tax administrations, all stakeholders have a role to play.


As previously reported on the TAXEDU portal, the aim is to simplify the value added tax (VAT) obligations for companies carrying out online cross-border sales of goods or services. 

 

The following Q&A presents the various scenarios and the main changes.

 

As an online consumer, what will change?

From now on, whether you are buying goods online from outside or inside the EU, the VAT rate applied is the same as for goods acquired in your home country. Under the new rules, VAT is paid where consumption of goods takes place. 


Also, the VAT exemption at importation of goods with a value up to EUR 22 has been removed. This means all goods imported in the EU will now be subject to VAT. 

 

I’m an online seller. Can I continue selling my products?

Yes, and you are strongly encouraged to register for the Import One-Stop Shop (IOSS). This will facilitate and simplify the declaration and payment of VAT for distance sales of goods imported to the EU with a value not exceeding EUR 150. 


If you register with the IOSS, your clients will be ensured they have paid the final price. This will increase trust and transparency. 


What’s more, the previous thresholds for distance sales of goods to buyers in other EU Member States (EUR 35 000 or 100 000, depending on the Member State) will be replaced by a new EU-wide threshold of EUR 10 000.


If your sales are above this threshold, you are liable for VAT in the Member State where your buyers live. You are therefore encouraged to register in the One Stop Shop (OSS), where you can declare and pay the VAT due in other Member States. 

 

For my business, I use an online electronic interface. How do I become a ‘deemed supplier’?
If you sell your products via a website, portal, gateway, marketplace, platform, application programme interface (API), you can declare and pay the VAT due in other Member States via the OSS.


Once you’re registered, you will be asked to keep on file electronical records of your transactions for 10 years. 


You are also encouraged to register to the IOSS in order to facilitate and simplify the declaration and payment of VAT for distance sales of imported goods with a value not exceeding EUR 150. 


I am a postal operator and courier. What’s changing in terms of deliveries?

Online sellers will have the possibility to register for the IOSS to declare and pay VAT. This means that when you deliver a product that has been bought from a registered online seller, you won’t need to collect the VAT from the consumer.


You can also get in touch with the online sellers to invite them to register to the IOSS so that you ensure a smooth delivery!

 

Everyone benefits
It is expected that these new rules will not only pave the way towards a fair and transparent competition between EU and non-EU businesses, but it will contribute to increase public revenues in the EU. 

 

Spark interest with students!
The modernisation of the cross-border VAT e-commerce rules may serve as an opportunity to discuss taxes in the classroom. What is VAT? What is customs duty? Which businesses pay tax?
Teachers can check out the teachers’ corner to get started on creating special lessons. 

 

Further reading
VAT for e-commerce

What every student should know about summer jobs and taxes

Editorial team

 

Meet Anna, she’s 17 and lives in Luxembourg. Like millions of teens this summer, she’s searching for a summer job. Anna has all sorts of questions about employment rules and taxation.

 

Anna and her friends are planning a summer holiday to Rome in August. To pay for the trip, she wants to find a job for July. From cafés and supermarkets to retail stores and farms, she has so many options.

 

But what are the rules for teenagers working in the summer? 

 

Is Anna old enough to find employment?

Yes she is. In Luxembourg, young people like Anna can start working when they are 15 years old.  

 

Based on European Union rules (Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers), the minimum employment age cannot be lower than 15 years. However, the age limit may be higher in EU countries where compulsory full-time schooling continues after this age.

 

Younger children may be employed in cultural, artistic, sports or advertising activities, as long as the competent authority has given prior authorisation. What’s more, 14-15-year-olds may be employed as part of a work/training scheme or a work-experience scheme. 

 

What about Anna’s safety at work?

Since Anna is wondering if she could work on a farm, this will depend on the work involved. For instance, employers in the EU cannot hire young people for work that is beyond their physical capacity or where the risk of accidents is considered to be high. Also, young people may not be employed in work involving risky processes (explosions, high-voltage electrical hazards) or exposure to harmful products like dangerous chemicals. 

 

How many hours can Anna work?

Teens up to the age of 18 may work eight hours per day and clock 40 hours a week. But  employment between 10pm and 6am or 11pm and 7am is not allowed. 

 

Also, employers are required to guarantee young people a break of at least 30 minutes if they work longer than 4.5 hours. However, if national derogations allow it, employers might not have to give these rest periods to young employees working in the following sectors: shipping or fisheries, armed forces or police, hospitals or similar establishment, agriculture, tourism industry or in the hotel, restaurant, and café sector.

 

How much can Anna earn?

The salary that young workers earn depends on the rules applied in each EU Member State. 

In Anna’s case, she will receive at least 80 % of the minimum social salary in Luxembourg. This is EUR 8.15 per hour or EUR 1 409 monthly. This is gross, before deductions like taxes, which the state collects to fund public services and provide goods for citizens. As such, gross is the pre-tax salary. The after-tax (net) salary is the take-home pay remaining after all deductions have been removed from a person’s salary.


Will Anna pay tax?

EU member States apply different rules as regards income taxes. In general, teens may be exempt from paying income tax if they are dependent on another tax payer (such as their parents). This is the case in Belgium and France, for example. 

 

In Luxembourg, a teenager’s income will not be taxed, provided they don’t earn more than EUR 14 per hour. In Anna’s case, she will only be taxed if she earns more than EUR 14 per hour. 

 

The employer must submit a special form declaring the personal information of the young worker (name, address, date of birth), as well as the salary.

 

Relax! We all pay tax.

It is never too early to talk about tax and responsibilities with teenagers. Take a look at our insightful lesson “Relax! We all pay tax” which will help him or her to understand how important ethics must be taken into consideration, even for a first summer job.  


Further reading

Outdoor class


June 14 Irma Kristina Šukevičė and Arkadijus Gudačius, employees of the Alytus branch of the Tax Obligations Department of Kaunas County State Tax Inspectorate, held a meeting with 6th grade students of Alytus Dzūkija School. The lesson took place in an unusual environment - in the City Garden famous for roses, located in the very center of Alytus.

During the lesson, representatives of the Tax Inspectorate introduced the students to the State Tax Inspectorate, its functions, discussed basic taxes and why they should be paid, explained the budget and the shadow economy, and explained how children can contribute to reducing the shadow economy and budget execution. During the lesson, students found out what a fiscal cash register receipt is important, and how to recognize it. Pupils listened with interest, had a number of questions about individual activities, fines, tax amounts, inquired about working in the tax inspectorate.

Teaching taxes to the youngest learners

Editorial team


Of course taxes are serious business. They pay for grownup stuff like infrastructure, security, healthcare, schools and social safety nets. But taxes can be child’s play too!

It’s never too early to teach children about taxes. What’s important is that the lessons involve themes or topics that children can relate to.

Since children are naturally creative, a great lesson is one that can spark curiosity and inspire imagination. Tax education doesn’t need to be treated differently. This is where the TAXEDU portal can help. 

Find below five TAXEDU tips that can ensure the youngest students have fun learning simple tax-related concepts.


Tip 1: Keep it simple

Taxes may be for grownups, but they finance so many childhood treasures. Young learners may be surprised to find out about tax collection and why it’s necessary to ensure revenues are collected to fund governmental services – from repaving our roads, building new schools and keeping our parks and recreational areas tidy and maintained.


Tip 2: Make it relevant

Introduce young learners to Oliver, TAXEDU’s 11-year old hero who wonders how taxes pay for his favourite playground. Oliver’s questions about tax collection are a starting point to a bigger discussion. For example, taxes ensure children may ride their bicycle along a smooth path. Schools are another great topic since students have access to so many resources and facilities. They may also spend recess in playgrounds built for the school. 


Tip 3: Watch and learn

Meet 2QT. This cute robot from space travelled to Earth to design and sell rocket propelled shoes. Children can follow his tax adventures through entertaining video clips. 
 

Tip 4: Check the receipt

Grownups aren’t the only ones who pay taxes. Next time children buy a treat from their local candy store, they should be prompted to check the receipt. They’ll see exactly how much tax they paid. 


Tip 5: Play the game 

There’s an app to make learning about taxes easy and fun. Designed by the European Union for children growing in the Digital Age, Taxlandia is an educational SimCity-style computer game. It’s a fun way to understand tax mechanisms and how taxes are collected.
 

More tips

2018-2020: Two years of TAXEDU in Romania

Editorial team


Time flies! Romania takes stock of TAXEDU activities implemented since the project’s launch in the country in 2018, and looks to the future.

 

In December 2018, teachers and students joined government officials, tax experts and European Commission representatives in Bucharest to celebrate the country’s launch of the TAXEDU project.

 

Over the past two years, the portal has become a go-to resource for Romania’s school teachers and students who make use of the portal’s wide range of multilingual educational material – such as games, e-Learning courses and microlearning clips – to learn about tax in its different forms, and the issues associated with it (tax fraud, tax evasion, etc.) in a fun and engaging way.

 

Building on this momentum, an intensive campaign has been launched in December 2020 within Romania’s Public Finance Ministry and the country’s National Agency for Tax Administration. The aim is to further promote TAXEDU online and via social media (Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp).

 

Another important push to promote tax education activities was the launch of a financial education portal at the end of 2020. TAXEDU is  one of the projects promoted on the portal.

 

Future plans also include a Summer Camp on Financial Education 2021, with TaxEdu and Taxlandia in its agenda, provided the COVID-19 situation allows for this. The discussions are on-going with the four partners of the Ministry ; the institutions that signed in 2018 the Agreement on financial education . The idea for financial education summer camp, has already been successfully tested.in 2019, introducing 10-13-year-old children to the basic principles of tax and how it affects their lives.

Tax Trends: taxation structure varies across EU

Editorial team

 

The structure of taxation varies quite significantly across the Member States of the EU, according to the findings of a new report.

 

Taxes are either direct or indirect. A direct tax is typically imposed on personal income, business profits, imports and exports, and property. An indirect tax (VAT, import levies or
excise duties) is a tax levied on a material or legal event of accidental or temporary nature and upon a (legal or natural) person that can often be an intermediate and not the person responsible for this event (hence the indirect character of the tax).

 

According to the European Commission’s latest edition of Taxation Trends in the European Union, the structure of taxation varies quite significantly across the Member States.

 

Denmark, for instance, has the highest share of direct taxes in total tax revenues (64.6 %), followed by Ireland and Malta. Norway and Iceland also have relatively high shares of direct taxes. 

 

The 2020 report, which covers all Member States, plus Iceland and Norway, also notes the share of social contributions to total tax revenues is correspondingly low in these countries. In Denmark there is a special reason for the extremely low share of social contributions: most welfare spending is financed out of general taxation. Since this requires high direct tax levels, the share of direct taxation to total tax revenues in Denmark is the highest among all the Member States.

 

The situation is different in Slovakia and Czechia. The tax systems in these two countries have high shares of social contributions in total tax revenues, and relatively low shares of direct tax revenues. Also, the welfare systems in these two countries are funded by social contributions.

 

On the other hand, some Member States have a much lower share of direct taxes. This is the case in Member States that have adopted flat-rate systems with marginal rates below EU average, which typically induce a stronger reduction in direct tax rates than indirect tax rates. 

 

As is the case in Croatia, Bulgaria and Hungry, lower shares of direct taxes are counterbalanced by relatively higher proportions of indirect taxes. However, lower shares of direct taxes in Slovakia, Czechia and Lithuania are counterbalanced by relatively larger shares of social contributions.

 

Worth noting is that nearly half (46.1 %) of the tax revenue (including social contributions) in the entire EU was claimed by the central or federal government. 

 

Continue the discussion with TAXEDU

 

Looking for a smart way to introduce your students to the different types of taxation, check out TAXEDU’s training catalogue. Join the forum to exchange news, views and experiences with other teachers.

 

Together is better

Editorial team


In Tuscany, the Regional Directorates of the Revenue Agency and of the Revenue Agency - Tax debts collection work together for a multimedia project for the education to the tax legality.


They organize webinars with the high school’s students. The Revenue Agency officers held a course entitled “The Revenue Agency is…” during which they illustrate the Tax administration, its organization, its mission, and its values. They also describe the Agency’s activities and the tax online services, that have become especially important during the pandemic. In fact, Italian Tax administration is promoting the digital channels to provide its services to the citizens. In this way, taxpayers can avoid unnecessary waiting and queue and there are not gatherings in the tax offices. 


During the webinars Agency’s officers also explain to the students the importance of paying taxes for the correct functioning of the public services (hospitals, schools, police, etc.). 

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